A卷——小題夯基練Ⅰ.語(yǔ)境填詞1．Beethovenwasoneofthegreatestmusicians(音樂(lè)家)andleftusalargenumberofworks.2．Thewriterofthisbookcriticizedsomepoliticalissuesinahumorous(幽默的)way.3．Tomputhisheartintothewildliferesearch,andfinallyhiseffortsearned(贏得)himgreatsuccessandfame.4．Thegirlstudentisverysensitive(敏感的)towhatothersthinkofherandeasilyannoyedbycomments,whethertheyarepraiseorcriticism.5．Shortlyafterwards,Darsonreceivedaninvitation(邀請(qǐng))tospeakabouthisresearchatanationalconference.6．Whenthefirebrokeout,manypassersby(過(guò)路人)volunteeredtoputitout.Ⅱ.詞形轉(zhuǎn)換和動(dòng)詞的形式變換(用所給詞的正確形式填空)1．(2020·天津卷7月)Thedancer'sincredibleperformance(perform)hadtheaudienceonitsfeetclappingfor10minutesattheendoftheshow.2．(全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Theylooksoattractive(attract)andalivethatIthinkyoucouldbeinterestedintheexhibition.3．Youarelikelytosucceedwhenyouhaveworkedwithgreatdevotion(devote)andperseverance.4．Theysaidgoodbyetothevillagers,withtearsrolling(roll)downtheircheeks.5．Afterthenewswas_broadcast(broadcast)thatourspaceshipreturnedtotheearthsafely,weallcheeredwithgreatjoy.6．ThejourneytoMountQomolangmamaybeadifficult,painful(pain)processbutcertainlyworththeeffort.7．Relying(rely)toomuchonyourparentsinyourchildhoodwillmakeyouunabletobeindependentwhenyougrowup.8．Witharecentphotographattached(attach)tohisapplicationform,hesenthisformtothecompany.Ⅲ.固定用法和搭配(在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式),1．Astourismgrowsincreasinglypopular，Chinesearebecomingparticularlysensitivetoimproperbehavior.2．Heisalwayswillingtohelpothers,soeveryonehereisfamiliarwithhim.3．Thenaughtyboypretendedto_be_reading(read)aloudinthestudywhenheheardhisfatheropenthedoor.4．Agoodadvertisementoftenuseswordstowhichpeopleattachpositivemeanings.5．I'mgratefultomyEnglishteacher,withoutwhosehelpIcouldn'thavemadegreatprogress.6．Davidisconfidentabouthisfuture,hoping(hope)tofindawellpaidjobinShanghai.7．Theteamclimbedtothetopofthemountain,fromwheretheycouldgetabetterviewofthewholetown.8．Hisconditionwassoseriousthathecouldn'tbreathewithoutthespecialmachine.Ⅳ.易錯(cuò)誤用(改正下列語(yǔ)句中的錯(cuò)誤，每句最多兩處錯(cuò)誤)1．Chinesepeopleattachgreatimportancetodrinkalcoholonimportantoccasions，especiallywhentheirbestfriendsmeet.TakingLinBin'sweddingceremonyforexample.About40peopletookpart，mostofthemwerehisfamilymembersandrelatives.Theyplayedjokesandtricksofthenewcouplebeforetheygotdrunk.答案：第一句：drink→drinking；第二句：Taking→Take；第三句：them→whom；第四句：of→on2．Heisreallyconsideringdevotinghimselftoeducatethesechildrenofthepoormountainvillage.答案：educate→educating3．Itissaidthathewillgiveperformanceinourcitynextmonth.答案：在performance前加a4．Theirmarriagehasbeenbrokenupsincetheincidentcameabout.,答案：刪掉been5．Theinterview，broadcastingliveacrossthenationtheotherday,attractedalargenumberofviewers.答案：broadcasting→broadcastⅤ.完成句子/句型轉(zhuǎn)換1．說(shuō)實(shí)在的，鄭和——明代的一位探險(xiǎn)家——是我在中國(guó)歷史上最喜愛的人物。To_be_honest,_ZhengHe,anexplorerinMingDynasty,is_my_favorite_figure_in_Chinese_history．2．因此，當(dāng)我坐在教室做試卷時(shí)，感到精力旺盛，信心十足。Sowhilesittingintheclassroomanddoingmypapers,Iwas_full_of_energy_and_felt_confident．3．(全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Besides,inordertolearnTangpoetrywell,you'dbettergetsomeinformationaboutTangDynastybeforeclass.→In_addition,_inordertolearnTangpoetrywell,you'dbettergetsomeinformationaboutTangDynastybeforeclass.4．Ourparentsbelievedthateducationwasveryimportant,andtheymanagedtosendustothebestschool.→Ourparentsattached_great_importance_to_education,_andtheymanagedtosendustothebestschool.B卷——大題提能練Ⅰ.閱讀理解A(2021·浙江三市聯(lián)考)Wespendagreatamountoftimelisteningtomusic.Mostcollegestudentslistentomusicatleastthreeorfourtimesaweek，andmorethan50percentofthemgotoatleastoneconcertperyear.Accordingtonewresearch,wemaybebornlikingmusic，becausehumanbeingsareborntofindcertain_combinations_of_soundsattractive.Forexample,young,childrencanrecognizeafamiliarsongevenwhenitskeyischanged.Similarly,theyrespondwithmoreemotionstotheirmothers'singingthantotheirmothers'speech.Carefulanalysisofmothers'childdirectedsongsindicatesthateachmother'ssongsremainstablefromone“performance”tothenext,andthismayencouragechildren'sengagementwiththesongs.Researchwithadultssuggeststhatmusiccatchesourattentionbyactivating(激活)brainpathwaysthataremostsuitedtoprocessingmusicthantoprocessingotherkindsofsound.Specifically,musicappreciationreliesontheauditorycortex(聽覺(jué)皮層)ontherightsideofthebrain,whichisspecializedtoprocesssoundthatcharacterizesmusic—incontrasttotheleftauditorycortex,whichprocessesthestopandstartburstsofsoundthatcharacterizespeech.Althoughsomepsychologistsremainskepticalaboutwhethermusicmayhavepowerfuleffectsonourthinking,anumberofstudieshaveshownthatlisteningtomusiccanincreasepeople'sspatialreasoningabilities.Furthermore,itisclearthatmusiccangreatlyinfluenceouremotions.Personallysignificantmusicactivatesareasofthebrainassociatedwithpleasureandreward,thesameareasthatareactivatedbysexandgoodfood.Researchersdonotagreeabouthowhumans'abilitiestoprocessandenjoymusichavecomeintobeing.Anyway,thenexttimeyouenjoylisteningtoapieceofmusic,rememberthatthemostcomplexpiecesofaudioequipmentaretheonesbetweenyourheadphones.1．Whichofthefollowingmightbelongtothe“certaincombinationsofsounds”inparagraph2?A．Asong.B．Adebate.C．Aquarrel.D．Adialogue.2．Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph4that________．A．nodoubtmusiccanincreasepeople'sthinkingabilityB．musicsimplygivespeoplepositiveemotionsC．onlymusiccangivepeoplepurepleasureandrewardD．musichasagreatinfluenceonhumanbeings3．Accordingtothepassage,themostcomplexpiecesofaudioequipmentlie________．,A．a(chǎn)tacollegeB．inaconcertC．inthebrainD．intheheadphone【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　本文是一篇議論文。作者主要論述了音樂(lè)對(duì)人有著非常積極的作用。1．A　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“wemaybebornlikingmusic，becausehumanbeingsareborntofindcertaincombinationsofsoundsattractive”可知，此處提到的certaincombinationsofsounds應(yīng)該與上文的music有關(guān)，屬于音樂(lè)范疇，故推斷答案為A項(xiàng)。debate(辯論)，quarrel(爭(zhēng)吵)，dialogue(對(duì)話)都不屬于音樂(lè)范疇，故排除。2．D　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第四段中的“listeningtomusiccanincreasepeople'sspatialreasoningabilities”“musiccangreatlyinfluenceouremotions”“significantmusicactivatesareasofthebrainassociatedwithpleasureandreward”都說(shuō)明了音樂(lè)對(duì)人的影響巨大，故答案為D項(xiàng)。3．C　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“rememberthatthemostcomplexpiecesofaudioequipmentaretheonesbetweenyourheadphones”可知，兩只耳機(jī)間的東西是最復(fù)雜的聲音設(shè)備，而兩只耳機(jī)間的正是人的大腦。故答案為C項(xiàng)。【難句分析】　Althoughsomepsychologistsremainskepticalaboutwhethermusicmayhavepowerfuleffectsonourthinking，anumberofstudieshaveshownthatlisteningtomusiccanincreasepeople'sspatialreasoningabilities.分析：這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。anumberofstudieshaveshownthatlisteningtomusiccanincreasepeople'sspatialreasoningabilities是主句，而該主句中又包含thatlisteningtomusiccanincreasepeople'sspatialreasoningabilities賓語(yǔ)從句。Althoughsomepsychologistsremainskepticalaboutwhethermusicmayhavepowerfuleffectsonourthinking是讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，而whethermusicmayhavepowerfuleffectsonourthinking又是該狀語(yǔ)從句中about后的賓語(yǔ)從句。譯文：盡管一些心理學(xué)家仍然對(duì)音樂(lè)是否會(huì)對(duì)我們的思維產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)大的影響持懷疑態(tài)度，但一些研究表明，聽音樂(lè)可以提高人們的空間推理能力。,BPicturealecturesessionatabusinessschoolandyouprobablyimaginestudentsgazingatscreensfilledwithequations(方程式)．WhatyoumightnotexpectisstudentsattemptingtosingOClapYourHands.ButBartlebywastreatedtothis_delightonavisittoSaïdBusinessSchoolinOxfordearlierthisyear.Therewasacatch.Someofthestudentshadtotryconductingthechorus.Thefirsttotakethechallengewasaratherselfconfidentyoungman.Itdidn'ttakelongforhimtogowrong.Hismostobviousmistakewastostartconductingwithoutaskingthesingershowtheywouldliketobedirected,thoughtheyhadtheexpertiseandhewasacompletebeginner.Thesession,organizedbyPegramHarrison,aseniorfellowinentrepreneurship(創(chuàng)業(yè)學(xué)),cleverlyallowedthestudentstoabsorbsomeimportantleadershiplessons.Forexample,leadersshouldlistentotheirteams,especiallywhentheircolleagueshavespecialistknowledge.Otherbusinessschoolshavealsorealizedthattheirstudentscanlearnfromthearts.AtCarnegieMellonUniversity,LeanneMeyerhasintroducedaleadershiptrainingprogrammethatincludespoetryandabookclub.Shebelievedthatinvolvementinsuchpursuitscanhelpdevelopempathy(同理心)infutureleadersandthattheprogrammebenefitsstudentsintermsofhowtheypromotethemselvestorecruiters(招聘人員)．TheRoyalAcademyofDramaticArt(RADA)hastrainedmanygreatdramatists.Italsoofferstrainingcoursesformanagers.“Actingisaboutfindingthetruthinthecharacterandinyourself，”saysWalkerWise,oneofRADA'stutors.Beingamanagerinvolvesalotmorethanjustsettingtargets.Itrequiresempathyandaknowledgeofhumannature.Aneducationintheartsmighthelpdevelopthosequalities.Aboveall,thestudentsonHarrison'scoursewereexperiencingsomethingBartlebyneverexpectedtoseeinthoseattendinganMBAlecture—theywerehavingfun.【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章通過(guò)在牛津大學(xué)賽德商學(xué)院進(jìn)行的指揮合唱表演的嘗試，人們意識(shí)到商學(xué)院的學(xué)生可以從藝術(shù)中學(xué)到許多東西，即藝術(shù)教育可能有助于培養(yǎng)未來(lái)管理人員的同理心和對(duì)人性的了解。4．Whatdoes“thisdelight”inparagraph1referto?A．Singinginabusinessclass.B．VisitingSaïdBusinessSchool.,C．Picturingalecturesession.D．Gazingascreensfullofequations.A　解析：詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第一段中的“WhatyoumightnotexpectisstudentsattemptingtosingOClapYourHands.ButBartlebywastreatedtothis_delightonavisittoSaïdBusinessSchoolinOxfordearlierthisyear.(你可能想不到的是學(xué)生們會(huì)唱《拍手吧》。但今年早些時(shí)候，巴特比在訪問(wèn)牛津大學(xué)的賽德商學(xué)院時(shí)，卻受到了這樣的款待。)”可知，前句“想不到學(xué)生們會(huì)唱《拍手吧》”，用一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but來(lái)說(shuō)明，巴特比在訪問(wèn)商學(xué)院時(shí)卻受到的款待，即學(xué)生在商務(wù)課上唱歌。故選A。5．WhichofthefallowingbestdescribesthesessionbyPegramHarrison?A．Commonandinfluential.B．Educationalandeffortless.C．Challengingandinstructive.D．Controversialandpractical.C　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段可知，這次會(huì)議由創(chuàng)業(yè)學(xué)高級(jí)研究員佩格拉姆·哈里森組織，他巧妙地讓學(xué)生們學(xué)習(xí)了一些重要的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)技能的課程。例如，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者應(yīng)該傾聽團(tuán)隊(duì)的意見，特別是當(dāng)他們的同事有專業(yè)知識(shí)時(shí)。由此可推斷出，這次會(huì)議有指導(dǎo)性(instructive)。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Aneducationintheartsmighthelpdevelopthosequalities.Aboveall,thestudentsonHarrison'scourse...(藝術(shù)教育可能有助于培養(yǎng)這些品質(zhì)。最重要的是，參加哈里森課程的學(xué)生們正在經(jīng)歷著巴特比從未料到的事情……)”可知，課程具有挑戰(zhàn)性(challenging)。故選C。6．Whatshouldaleaderdobasedontheconductingexperience?A．Offerpromotionopportunities.B．Valueteammembers'opinion.C．Setspecifictargets.D．Controleverystep.,B　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Hismostobviousmistakewastostartconductingwithoutaskingthesingershowtheywouldliketobedirected,thoughtheyhadtheexpertiseandhewasacompletebeginner.(他最明顯的錯(cuò)誤是，在開始指揮時(shí)沒(méi)有詢問(wèn)歌手他們希望如何被指揮，盡管他們有專業(yè)知識(shí)，而他是一個(gè)完全的新手。)”和第三段中的“cleverlyallowedthestudentstoabsorbsomeimportantleadershiplessons.Forexample,leadersshouldlistentotheirteams,especiallywhentheircolleagueshavespecialistknowledge(巧妙地讓學(xué)生們學(xué)習(xí)一些重要的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)技能的課程。例如，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者應(yīng)該傾聽團(tuán)隊(duì)的意見，尤其是當(dāng)他們的同事有專業(yè)知識(shí)的時(shí)候)”可推斷出，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者應(yīng)當(dāng)重視團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的意見。故選B。7．Howdoesactingcontributetobeingamanager?A．Itprovidesentertainment.B．Itdevelopsgoalsettingskills.C．Itexposesthetruthinbusiness.D．Ithelpsunderstandhumannature.D　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Italsoofferstrainingcoursesformanagers.‘Actingisaboutfindingthetruthinthecharacterandinyourself，’saysWalkerWise,oneofRADA'stutors.Beingamanagerinvolvesalotmorethanjustsettingtargets.Itrequiresempathyandaknowledgeofhumannature.(皇家戲劇藝術(shù)學(xué)院還為管理人員提供培訓(xùn)課程。該學(xué)院的一位導(dǎo)師沃克·懷斯說(shuō)：‘表演就是在角色和自己身上找尋真相’。作為一名管理者，不僅僅是設(shè)定目標(biāo)，它需要同理心和對(duì)人性的了解。)”可推知，作為一為管理人員，表演有助于理解人性。故選D。Ⅱ.七選五(2021·惠州高三第一次調(diào)研)Howdoyouwakeupinthemorning?Ifyousetanalarmonyourphoneorclockthatsoundslikethis：beepbeepbeep,thathard,unpleasantsoundmaybemakingithardertoshakeoffthesleepyfeelinginthemorningknownasgrogginess(昏昏沉沉).1.________？Arecentstudysaysyes.Theansweris,music.Researcherssayalarmsthathaveamelodycanhelppeoplefeelfresherinthemorning.Thestudy,carriedoutbyresearchersinAustralia,involved50people.Theyansweredquestionsaboutthealarmsoundtheyliketowakeupto.2.________．Sleepinertia(慣性)isanothertermforgrogginess.3.________，andhastroublegettingmovingagainaftersleeping.Peopleneedtobetterunderstandsleepinertia'sharmfuleffectsonhumanperformancelaterintheday.Thegrogginesswemayfeelinthemorningusuallylastsforupto30minutes,butsomemaylastfromtwotofourhours.Noteveryonewillexperiencethefulleffect.4.________，especiallywhentheyperformdutiesthatrequireatopperformancewithinthisperiodorforpeoplewhoworkindangeroussituationsshortlyaftertheywake.So,whatmakesmusicalalarmsbetterforwakingup？5.________．A．PossiblythedifferenttonesinitB．Simplythesinglesoundof“beeping”C．So,isthereabetterwaytowakeupD．So,whatisabetterwaytowakeupE．Butforthosewhodo,careshouldbetakenF．ItmeansapersonhasaheavyfeelingwhenwakingupG．Theyalsoexpressedhowtheyfeelaboutthatsoundandhowtheyfeelwhentheywakeup【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，更容易讓人早上感到清醒的不是手機(jī)設(shè)置的令人討厭的“嘟嘟”聲，而是美妙的音樂(lè)聲。1．C　解析：考查上下文銜接。根據(jù)下文“Arecentstudysaysyes.Theanswerismusic.”以及空后的問(wèn)號(hào)可知，空處為一問(wèn)句且為一般疑問(wèn)句，內(nèi)容承接上文提及的手機(jī)嘟嘟聲難以讓人甩掉早上昏昏沉沉的感覺(jué)的內(nèi)容，故此處問(wèn)的是有沒(méi)有更好的叫醒方式，故C項(xiàng)正確。2．G　解析：考查上下文銜接。由前一句“Theyansweredquestionsaboutthealarmsoundtheyliketowakeupto.”可知，參加研究者回答了關(guān)于他們想要醒來(lái)時(shí)伴隨的鈴聲的問(wèn)題。據(jù)此可以判斷，與該句中的sound呼應(yīng)，,空處應(yīng)說(shuō)明他們還表達(dá)了自己對(duì)這種聲音的感受以及醒來(lái)后的感受。故G項(xiàng)正確。3．F　解析：考查上下文銜接。根據(jù)該句后半句“andhastroublegettingmovingagainaftersleeping”并結(jié)合語(yǔ)境可推知，此處應(yīng)是解釋什么是grogginess(昏昏沉沉)，故F項(xiàng)“它意味著在醒來(lái)時(shí)，人們會(huì)有沉重的感覺(jué)”與此處匹配。4．E　解析：考查上下文銜接。上文提到不是所有人都會(huì)經(jīng)歷整個(gè)影響過(guò)程，結(jié)合下文可推斷，空處講述經(jīng)歷該過(guò)程的人應(yīng)該如何應(yīng)對(duì)。下文中的forpeople和E項(xiàng)中的forthose相呼應(yīng)，故E項(xiàng)正確。5．A　解析：考查上下文銜接。根據(jù)空前的問(wèn)句“So，whatmakesmusicalalarmsbetterforwakingup？”可知，空處應(yīng)是回答該問(wèn)題；結(jié)合上文和常識(shí)可知，音樂(lè)鬧鐘更適合喚醒可能是因?yàn)樗胁煌囊粽{(diào)，故選A。Ⅲ.語(yǔ)法填空(2021·日照高三第一次校際聯(lián)合考試)AcrossnorthernAfrica,thedesertissteadilygrowing.Drylandsarespreading.ButaboldprojectknownastheGreatGreenWallaimstostopthe1.____________(grow)ofthedesert.Theambitiousprogramincludesplans2.____________(help)protectandmaintainresourcesandfightpoverty.Farmersarelearningtocarefortheirlandandusewater3.____________(wise)．Theyarealsoplantingmillionsoftreesandcrops.TheGreatGreenWallwouldcover4.____________areamorethan4，000mileswide—fromSenegalinthewesttoDjiboutiintheeast.TheGreatGreenWall5.____________(approve)bytheAfricanUnionin2007.TheprogramreceivessupportfromtheUnitedNations,theWorldBank,andothergroups.TheGreatGreenWall'streesprovideabarrier6.____________desertwindsandhelpholdmoisture(水分)intheairandsoil,7.____________(allow)cropstogrow.Intime,therichersoilwillprovidemorelandforanimalstograzeon.Moreresourceswillbringmorejobs.“Thegoalistocreatesustainablelandmanagement，”saidNoraBerrahmouni,aforestryofficer8.____________workswiththeU．N.FoodandAgricultureOrganization.,TreesandcropshavebeenplantedinSenegalandNiger.An9.____________(add)benefitoftheGreatGreenWallisthatcountriesintheregionaresharinginformationaboutwhichprogramsworkandwhichdon't.Now,alongwithtrees，10.____________(idea)aretakingroot.【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。北非沙漠化逐年嚴(yán)重。為了阻止沙漠化進(jìn)一步惡化，一個(gè)名為非洲綠色長(zhǎng)城的計(jì)劃開始啟動(dòng)。本文介紹了此計(jì)劃的相關(guān)內(nèi)容。1．growth　解析：考查詞形轉(zhuǎn)換。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處為名詞，被定冠詞the和介詞短語(yǔ)ofthedesert修飾，所以填growth。2．tohelp　解析：考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式，又根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，此處應(yīng)用不定式短語(yǔ)作plans的后置定語(yǔ)，所以填tohelp。3．wisely　解析：考查副詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處應(yīng)為副詞形式，修飾動(dòng)詞use，作狀語(yǔ)，所以填wisely。4．a(chǎn)n　解析：考查冠詞。area此處作“地區(qū)，地域”講為可數(shù)名詞，在文中第一次出現(xiàn)，表泛指，又area的發(fā)音以元音音素開頭，所以填不定冠詞an。5．wasapproved　解析：考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和主謂一致。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處應(yīng)為句子的謂語(yǔ)，且和句子主語(yǔ)TheGreatGreenWall構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；又由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in2007可知，此處應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)，所以填wasapproved。6．a(chǎn)gainst　解析：考查介詞。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，空處表達(dá)“防，抗”的含義，所以填against。7．a(chǎn)llowing　解析：考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處應(yīng)為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，和句子主語(yǔ)TheGreatGreenwall'strees構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，,故用現(xiàn)在分詞形式allowing。8．who/that　解析：考查定語(yǔ)從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，在從句中作主語(yǔ)，修飾指人的先行詞aforestryofficer，所以填who/that。9．a(chǎn)dded　解析：考查形容詞?？仗幮揎椕~benefit，所以填形容詞added，意為“額外的”。10．ideas　解析：考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù)。此處idea為可數(shù)名詞，在句子中作主語(yǔ)，且和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式are呼應(yīng)，應(yīng)用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式，所以填ideas。