考點分類練(十一)　詞句猜測題——代詞指代類A(2021·山東淄博一模)Severalyearsago,whensomeoneusedcameracoverstoprotectagainstpossiblemonitoring,itwasnotpopulartotalkaboutit.Today,peopleusevarioustypesoftapestocoverthewebcamerasandmicrophones.Therearemanytypesofspywarethatcandiveintoourdevicesandsecretlyspyonthem,recordingeverythingtheydo.Suchprogrammesmayinfectnotonlycomputersbutalsosmartphones.YourdatamaybeusedbyhackerswhowilltrytorequestmoneyfornotexposingyourprivateinformationorbycompanieslikeNSOGroupwhocreatedakindofspywareto“provideauthorisedgovernmentswithtechnologythathelpsstruggleagainstterrorandcrime”.Inmyopinion,theprotectiontechniqueishighlyoverestimated.Userstapethecamerasandmicrophonesthroughlackofunderstandingofhowtheirdevicesworkandhowthemalware(惡意軟件)works.Hackersandevensecretservicesdonothaveenoughresourcestomonitorallvictimsusingthecamerasormicrophones.Iftheyneedtogetanyinformation,theygetitbysendingatargetedvirustoyourdevice,whichwillnotbestoppedbythetapes.Suchaviruswillfindwhattosteal—frompersonalphotosandvideostopasswordsfromsocialnetworks,browserhistory,bankaccountsandsoon.Itisunwisetobelievethatattackerswillnotbeabletofindawaytospyonyou,evenifthedevice,dischargedtozero,canstilldeliverdataaboutyourlocation,usingthesmartphonesofthesurroundingpeopleassignalrepeaters.Letusfaceit:weliveinanerawhenitisextremelydifficulttohidesomethingandapieceoftapeisclearlynotthemostusefultoolinthestruggleforyourprivacy.Again,tobeabletospyonyou,attackersneedtoplantthemalwareinyourdevice.Topreventthemalwarefromenteringyourdevice,donotclicksuspectedlinksandemailattachments.Usestrongpasswordsforemail,socialmediaandonlinebankaccounts.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“them”inparagraph2referto?A.Cameras.　　　　　　　B.Types.C.Programmes.D.Devices.2.WhatisNSOGroup?A.Agroupofhackers.B.Acompanydevelopingspyware.C.Agroupofterroristsandcriminals.D.Acompanyfightingagainstcrime.3.Whydoestheauthorthink“theprotectiontechniqueishighlyoverestimated”?A.Peopleknowlittleabouttheirdevices.B.Hackershavenoaccesstoothers.C.Ithardlypreventsthemalwarefromgettingprivacy.D.Itcan’tcoverthecamerascompletely.B(2021·安徽合肥高三第二次教學質量檢測)Eversinceshereceivedalittletoyairlinerasabirthdaygift,Katehasbeenattractedbyflight. Fromflyingremote-controlledairplanestobuildingherownmodelones,Katehasalwaysconsideredflyingaplaneoneofherpassions,butonlyuntilrecentlyhasshebeenabletotakethattonewheights.WhenKateheardabouttheUpwindScholarshipfromherschoolcounselor,sheknewitwasanextraordinaryopportunitytorealiseherdream.Theprogramme’smissionistoprovideallthetrainingnecessarytoobtainaprivatepilot’slicense(PPL)forstudentsinbetweentheirjuniorandsenioryearofhighschoolfreeofcharge.Aftercompletingalengthyapplicationandhersubsequentacceptanceintotheprogramme,Katebeganhertraininglastspring.Normally,recipientsofthescholarshipwouldattendgroundschoolinpersonwheretheylearnthefundamentalsofflying.Duetothepandemic,however,Katespenthourseachweekendstudyingonlinelessonsinherroomwhenevershegotabreakfromhomework.Oncesummercamearound,Kateandthreepeersputintwostraightweeksofgroundschool,reviewingflighttrainingfromninetofiveeveryday.“Itwasthetoughestpartoftheprogramme,”Katesaid.Aftercompletingthatportionofgroundschool,KatewasfinallyabletobeginflyingattheSanCarlosAirportwiththeotherscholarshiprecipientsfromaroundtheBayArea.Flying,especiallyforfirst-timerslikeKate,isahands-onprocessinvolvinglotsofcheckliststomakesuretheimportanttasksarebeingtakencareof.Now,havingfinishedtheprogrammeandearnedherPPL,Kateplansontrainingasaflightinstructorandhopestobecomeanairlinepilotinherfuture.ShecreditstheUpwindScholarshipforallshe’sbeenabletoaccomplishsofarandhopesthatanyonewhosharesherpassionwilllookintoit.“Itisaveryhardscholarshiptowin,andyouhavetobetrulyinterestedinflight,”Katesaid.“Itcan’tbesomethinglike‘Oh,whydon’tItryflyingthissummer?’Youhavetobereadytodoalotofworkandputeffortintosucceedingintheprogramme.”4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph1referto?A.Herskillofbuildingmodelairplanes.B.Herwishtotravelaroundtheworld.C.Herchildhooddreamofbecomingapilot.D.Herdesiretoflyremote-controlledairplanes.5.WhatisthegoaloftheUpwindScholarship?A.Tohelpstudentsinneedtoachievetheirdreams.B.Toprovidenecessarytrainingforprivatepilotsforfree.C.Togivestudentsexpertadviceonearningascholarship.D.Topreparehighschoolstudentstobecomeaprivatepilot.6.WhatdidKatedoingroundschool?A.Shetookonlinelessonsonflying.B.Shewentoverthefundamentalsofflying.C.Shedidsomeresearchintothepandemic.D.Shefinishedapplyingfortheprogramme.7.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesKate?A.Confidentandaggressive.B.Strong-willedandpatient.C.Demandingandcourageous. D.Ambitiousandhard-working.C(2021·河北秦皇島二模)Everyfourorfiveyears,vastquantitiesofwarmwaterbuildupalongthewestcoastofSouthAmerica.Thisphenomenon,ElNi?o,createsstormsthatcausedestructivefloods.Theresultiscostly.ModernfarmerscometotermswithElNi?o.Theyusemoneysavedingoodyearstorebuildinbadones.Buthistorysuggestsitneednotbelikethat.Inapaperpublishedrecently,AriCaramanica,anarchaeologistinLima,showshowitusedtobedone.Andtheanswerseemstobe“better”.DrCaramanicaandhercolleagueshavebeenstudyingthePampadeMocan,acoastaldesertplaininnorthernPeru.Itisnotsuitableforfarming.Itssoilcontainslittleorganicmatterandtheannualrainfallinnon-Ni?oyearsisusuallylessthantwocentimetres.Today’sfarmersthereforedependoncanalstocarrywaterfromlocalriverstotheirfields.Ithadbeenassumedthatancientfarmershadasimilararrangement—andsotheydid.ButDrCaramanicaalsofoundeightcanalsthatcouldcarrywaterfarbeyondtherangeofmodernfarms.ShethoughtthattheywereintendedtoguidethefloodwatersarrivingduringNi?oyears.AroundaquarteroftheancientagriculturalinfrastructureofthisareaseemedtohavebeenbuiltonlyformanagingNi?o-generatedfloodwaters.Evidencefrompollensupportsthistheory,revealingthatthePampadeMocanproducedlotsofcropsinsomeyears,whileremainingnearlybarreninothers.Theteamalsouncoveredtwocisterns(蓄水箱)intheareaservicedbytheextendedcanals.These,probably,wereusedtostoreextrafloodwaters.Thesefindingssuggestthat,ratherthanresistingElNi?o,earlyfarmersinthePampadeMocanwerereadytomakeuseofitwhenitarrived.Modernfarmersmightdowelltolearnfromthem.8.Whatdoestherecentstudyfocuson?A.LivingwithElNi?o.B.EffectsofElNi?o.C.Farminginthedesert.D.WatershortageinPeru.9.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”inparagraph4referto?A.Ancientfarmers.B.Rivers.C.Farms.D.Canals.10.Whatlessoncanbelearnedfromearlyfarmers?A.Everyadvantagehasitsdisadvantage.B.Ineverydifficultyliesanopportunity.C.Sharptoolsmakegoodwork.D.It’snevertoolatetomend.11.Inwhichsectionofawebsitemaythistextappear?A.Education.B.Travel.C.Business.D.Science. 考點分類練(十一)　詞句猜測題——代詞指代類【語篇導讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章講述的是如何保護我們設備上的隱私。1.D　解析:代詞指代題。根據第二段的“Therearemanytypesofspywarethatcandiveintoourdevicesandsecretlyspyonthem,recordingeverythingtheydo.”可知,有許多類型的間諜軟件可以潛入我們的設備并秘密監(jiān)視它們,記錄它們所做的一切。由此推知,畫線詞them指代的是前面提到的devices。故選D項。2.B　解析:推理判斷題。根據第二段的“...bycompanieslikeNSOGroupwhocreatedakindofspywareto‘provideauthorisedgovernmentswithtechnologythathelpsstruggleagainstterrorandcrime’.”可知,這些公司為所授權的政府提供有助于打擊恐怖行動和犯罪的科技。由此推斷,NSOGroup是研發(fā)間諜軟件的公司。故選B項。3.C　解析:推理判斷題。由題干信息可定位到文章第三段的首句,根據第三段的“Iftheyneedtogetanyinformation,theygetitbysendingatargetedvirustoyourdevice,whichwillnotbestoppedbythetapes.Suchaviruswillfindwhattosteal—frompersonalphotosandvideostopasswordsfromsocialnetworks,browserhistory,bankaccountsandsoon.”可知,這種保護技術很難阻止惡意軟件獲取隱私。故選C項?！編湍阃刂R】必背單詞①devicen.設備;裝置;儀器②exposev.暴露;揭露;顯露重點語塊③spyonsb暗中監(jiān)視,窺探某人④behighlyoverestimated被過高估計⑤bankaccounts銀行賬戶【語篇導讀】本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了凱特從小就愛好飛行,并且為了實現成為一名飛行員的夢想所做出的努力。4.C　解析:代詞指代題。根據畫線詞前一句提到的Katehasalwaysconsideredflyingaplaneoneofherpassions和第二段開頭提到itwasanextraordinaryopportunitytorealiseherdream可知,凱特從小就愛好飛行,駕駛飛機是她的夢想。由此推測,that指代“她想成為一名飛行員的夢想”。故選C項。5.D　解析:細節(jié)理解題。根據第二段的“Theprogramme’smissionistoprovideallthetrainingnecessarytoobtainaprivatepilot’slicense(PPL)forstudentsinbetweentheirjuniorandsenioryearofhighschoolfreeofcharge.”可知,它的目標是讓高中生為成為一名私人飛行員做好準備。故選D項。6.B　解析:細節(jié)理解題。根據第三段的“...recipientsofthescholarshipwouldattendgroundschoolinpersonwheretheylearnthefundamentalsofflying.”和“...Kateandthreepeersputintwostraightweeksofgroundschool,reviewingflighttraining...”可知,凱特在地面學?；仡欙w行的基礎知識。故選B項。7.D　解析:推理判斷題。根據倒數第二段的內容可推斷,凱特很有志向;再由最后一段中凱特所說的話“Itisaveryhardscholarshiptowin,andyouhavetobetrulyinterestedinflight...Youhavetobereadytodoalotofworkandputeffortintosucceedingintheprogramme.”可知,凱特為了獲得獎學金很努力。由此推斷, 凱特很有雄心壯志,而且為了夢想非常努力。故選D項?！編湍阃刂R】重點語塊①freeofcharge免費②alengthyapplication很長的申請③inperson親自【語篇導讀】本文是一篇說明文。在最近發(fā)表的一篇論文中,一位考古學家展示了過去的農民是如何利用厄爾尼諾現象來幫助農業(yè)生產的,文章介紹了這一研究開展的過程以及發(fā)現。8.A　解析:細節(jié)理解題。根據第二段的“ModernfarmerscometotermswithElNi?o...Inapaperpublishedrecently...showshowitusedtobedone.Andtheanswerseemstobe‘better’.”可知,最近的研究集中在與厄爾尼諾現象共存。故選A項。9.D　解析:代詞指代題。根據畫線詞前一句“ButDrCaramanicaalsofoundeightcanalsthatcouldcarrywaterfarbeyondtherangeofmodernfarms.”以及后面的wereintendedtoguidethefloodwatersarrivingduringNi?oyears可知,Caramanica博士認為上文提到的八條運河是為了引洪。由此推知,they指代的是“運河”。故選D項。10.B　解析:推理判斷題。根據最后一段的“Thesefindingssuggestthat,ratherthanresistingElNi?o,earlyfarmersinthePampadeMocanwerereadytomakeuseofitwhenitarrived.”可知,當厄爾尼諾現象到來時,早期農民并沒有進行抵制,而是做好了利用它的準備。由此推知,我們可以從早期農民那里學到“每一個困難中都蘊藏著機會”這一道理。故選B項。11.D　解析:推理判斷題。通讀文章可知,在最近發(fā)表的一篇論文中,一位考古學家展示了過去的農民是如何利用厄爾尼諾現象來幫助農業(yè)生產的,而文章正是介紹了這一研究開展的過程以及發(fā)現。由此推知,文章可能選自網站的“科學”版面。故選D項?！編湍阃刂R】必背單詞①destructiveadj.破壞性的②uncoverv.發(fā)現③extendedadj.延長了的;擴展了的重點語塊④cometotermswith...與……達成協議,妥協⑤beyondtherangeof...超出……的范圍⑥beintendedto...旨在;意圖……精彩句式⑦Modernfarmersmightdowelltolearnfromthem.現代農民不妨向他們學習。